[Tyr0]-Apelin-13 (human, bovine, mouse, rat)

[Tyr0]-Apelin-13 (human, bovine, mouse, rat) is a synthetic research peptide in the apelin family. Apelin peptides are endogenous ligands of the apelin receptor (APLNR/APJ). Naturally occurring apelin forms differ in length, while the C-terminal region is especially important for receptor recognition and signaling. Synthetic apelin fragments and residue-modified analogs are used to study binding affinity, G-protein and beta-arrestin signaling, proteolytic stability, and ligand bias.

• receptor-binding
• competition assays
• functional signaling assays
• enzymatic-processing or stability studies
• antibody controls
• LC-MS/HPLC method development
• comparative structure-activity experiments

For a fragment, residue-substituted analog, stereochemical variant, labeled peptide, or terminally modified form, experimental behavior should be evaluated for the exact construct rather than assumed to match the native parent peptide. Sequence-dependent solubility, aggregation, adsorption, and stability should be considered when selecting reconstitution and assay conditions.

1. Metabolically stable apelin analogues: influence of unnatural amino acids on binding, signaling, and plasma stability
2. Signaling Modulation via Minimal C-Terminal Modifications of Apelin-13